Assessing the Vulnerability of Planned Saudi Nuclear Plants to Military Strikes

The United States is poised to finalize a civilian nuclear agreement with Saudi Arabia, potentially allowing reactor exports within three months unless Congress objects. Historical incidents, including Iranian drone attacks on the Barakah plant and alleged strikes near Iran's Bushehr facility, highlight a pattern of targeting nuclear sites. Saudi plans envision at least one, possibly up to 16, reactors, including small modular designs, and domestic uranium enrichment.

Defensive measures such as cage-like structures and hardened electrical systems have been employed elsewhere, but they may not stop high-velocity ballistic missiles. The containment and spent-fuel storage of Westinghouse’s AP-1000 are built to withstand significant pressure, yet experts suggest further reinforcement with ultra-high performance concrete and emergency cooling systems to mitigate radiological release risks. The article calls for Congress to consider both proliferation and security vulnerabilities before approving the deal.