Cramming boosts short-term scores but hinders lasting memory, experts say
Research shows cramming can help pass a test but does not support long-term retention; retrieval practice and spaced study are more effective.
Students often rely on note-taking, highlighting, and last-minute review to prepare for exams, but studies indicate these methods mainly create an illusion of learning and fail to support long-term retention. Cognitive psychologists Pooja K. Agarwal and Robert Bjork argue that introducing small mental challenges—called “desirable difficulties”—such as retrieval practice, spaced study sessions, and metacognitive self-assessment yields deeper learning.
Retrieval practice can involve pausing after reading to write down remembered points, discussing material with peers, or performing a quick “brain dump.” Additional factors like mood-boosting music or essential-oil scents may aid alertness but do not improve memory. Finally, adequate sleep is essential for consolidating newly formed memories, whereas all-night study sessions undermine retention.
