Newly identified ancient crocodile species discovered in limestone used for the Great Sphinx

Scientists studying the Mokattam limestone—a thick marine deposit rich in early fish, shark and whale fossils—have identified a new crocodile genus, Herugavialis, from several bone fragments including a nearly complete skull. Advanced imaging revealed anatomical features that differentiate it from the previously assigned Tomistoma species, placing it in its own lineage within the gavial family. The genus name honors the Egyptian deity Horus, reflecting the skull’s uncanny resemblance to the missing nose of the Great Sphinx.

The find, published in Royal Society Open Science, highlights the diverse marine ecosystem of ancient Egypt and underscores the value of re-examining historic museum collections. Researchers suggest additional, yet-undiscovered gavial species may still be awaiting identification.