PISA 2025 results spark criticism over reading decline and policy gaps in Spain and Portugal

The OECD release of the 2025 PISA assessment shows Spain slipping to near‑record lows in reading, mathematics and science. In the Valencian Community, teachers warn that artificial‑intelligence tools and a lack of effort are eroding reading skills. Portugal’s education minister says the country lacks rapid‑response mechanisms to address its declining scores. A methodological flaw in Catalonia’s sample, where a large share of pupils was excluded, has led the OECD to withhold separate regional results. The Basque Country also recorded some of the lowest scores among Spain’s autonomous communities.